![]() agglomerate agglomerate agglomeration agglomeration agglutinate agglutinate agglutination aggregate aggregate \concrete a. = a adsorbi = adsorbit = adsorbtie = adsorbant = material de ingreunare ingreunare = avansare, a avansa = avansarea frontului de apa = viteza de avansare avansare mecanica = avansare = avansarea frontului de apa = avansarea contactului apatitei = aerarea noroiului de foraj, gazeificarea noroiului de foraj = aerarea titeiului titeiului = aerian, denudat = a gazifica, a aera = aerometru = afinitate = afinitate chimica = umidibilitate, umidibilitate, capacitate capacitate umezitoare, umezitoare, hidrofilitate hidrofilitate of the beds \geologic(al) \geologic(al) a. \ aff - age affluent afflux after-expansion destinage \a. \ aerating the liquid aerating of the oil aerial aerify aerometer affinity \chemical a. = reglare fina, reglare precisa adjutage = ajutaj admixture = adaos, adaugare, amestec, incluziune adobe = deluvial, aluvionar, argila slabaĪdsorb adsorbed adsorbtion adsorbtive adulterant adulterant advance \frontal a. = reductia capului de tubing, \ reductia dispozitivului dispozitivului de \ sustinere a tevilor de \ extractie add a new joint = a adauga un nou pas addition = adaugare, racordare racordare adhere = a adera, a (se) lipi adhesion, selective a = adeziune selectiva adjust = a regla, a ajusta adjustable = reglabil adjuster = ajustor, montor, dispozitiv de reglare adjustment = reglare, ajustare Š \coarse a. = manson de reductie conic \tubing head a. = actionat cu transmisie mecanica adamantine = alice de foraj adapter = reductie, reductie, manson de reductie \casing a. acidity = a acidula = orizontal = strat orizontal = virf = acru = suprafata suprafata (in acri) = regiune posibil petrolifera = in functiune, functiune, in lucru = cu actiune directa, cu efect direct = cu actiune dubla, cu efect dublu = cu efect rapid = cu efect rapid = automat = actiune = actiune abraziva = actiune inversa = actiune de incovoiere incovoiere = actiune de frinare, frinare = actiune eroziva = efect Jamin = actiune de colmatare = actiunea alicelor = actiune rotativa = actiune eroziva = actiune de dizolvare = actual, efectiv, real = a actiona, a pune in functiune, a pune in miscare actuated, piston-a. acid-resistantĪcidify acidity acidness acidulate aclinal acline acme acre acreage \prospective a. = acid sulfonic acid-proof = rezistent la acizi acid-resistant = rezistent la acizi, antiacid acid-resisting v. ![]() = acid azotic, acid nitric \oleic a = acid oleic \organic a.-s = acizi organici \silicic a. = acid clorhidric clorhidric \naphthenic \naphthenic a. = zacamint petrolifer petrolifer ecranat accuracy = exactitate, exactitate, precizie accurate = precis acetylene = acetilena acetify = a (se) oxida acicular = aciform, acicular acid = acid \benzoic a. = acumulare de titei \screened \screened oil a. of petroleum = acumulare de titei \gas a. = calculul pretului de cost accumulate = a acumula accumulation accumulation = acumulare \a. = echipament de siguranta account = calcul, evidenta, bilant accounting accounting = calculatie, calculatie, contabilitate contabilitate \cost a. = accelerator de priza accessories, safety a. absorbability abundent = abundent, raspindit raspindit acceleration acceleration of gravit = acceleratia acceleratia gravitatiei gravitatiei accelerator accelerator = accelerator accelerator \cement set(ting) set(ting) = accelerator accelerator de priza ciment \hardening a. = a abandona, a parasi = parasire, abandonare = capacitate = capacitate de taiere, capacitate de dislocare = capacitate de inchidere, inchidere, capacitate de etansare = caracteristica de exploatare = capacitate de inchidere, inchidere, capacitate de etansare = uzura = abraziv = abraziune, abraziune, eroziune, uzura prin frecare absence of fosiles = lipsa de fosile absorb = a absorbi absorbability = capacitate de absorbtie, absorbtie absorbent = absorbant absorbing = absorbire absorption = absorbtie absorptivity v. \ abradability abradant abrasion abrasion A abandon abandonment ability \cutting a.
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![]() Obviously, the timing isn’t ideal.Ĭyrus wants him to come out in favor of gun control. All Fitz needs to do for the endorsement is give a speech about the Second Amendment. They conspire to derail Sally’s jaunt to the Lone Star State. Cyrus makes a plan with Fitz and Olivia to send Andrew and Mellie to the gun lobby event. Cyrus knows the vice president is going behind their back to steal an endorsement. There’s an upcoming gun lobby event that Fitz wants to skip but Sally Langston is embracing with open arms. He’s obviously worked something out with Jake, who is hard at work burying the bodies of the two other people he killed. She wants to know if David’s NSA girl, Shelby Moss, is also missing. Olivia notices that Vanessa Chandler the reporter isn’t at the press briefing. Olivia orders blubbering White House aide Ethan to get it together pronto or he’s fired. A short time later, David Rosen is heading the investigation into what’s being dubbed the carjacking murder of White House Press Secretary James Novak, beloved husband of Cyrus Beene. Jake asks him to work with him regarding their current situation. The latter is gunned down while trying to escape the carnage. His next target is either David Rosen or James Novak. In “ No Sun on the Horizon ,” two women were shot dead in the street. The story of how Cyrus met James and their relationship blossomed is revealed.David looks into the death of James Novak and keeps a secret from Abby.Jake makes an astonishing confession to Olivia.Quinn & Charlie provide the investigators into James' death with a suspect.Mellie & Andrew represent Fitz for a gun rally bill.Fitz suspends his campaign in honor of James' death.The team looks into James' death assuming it's a murder.Olivia and Huck come to shocking realizations and a surprising person asks for help from Pope and Associates. Sally sets a meeting with the NRA which sends the White House into a tailspin. This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. The cookie stores information anonymously and assigns a randomly generated number to recognize unique visitors. The _ga cookie, installed by Google Analytics, calculates visitor, session and campaign data and also keeps track of site usage for the site's analytics report. This cookie can only be read from the domain they are set on and will not track any data while browsing through other sites. ![]() The _gads cookie, set by Google, is stored under DoubleClick domain and tracks the number of times users see an advert, measures the success of the campaign and calculates its revenue. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. The cookie is a session cookies and is deleted when all the browser windows are closed.Īnalytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. The cookie is used to store and identify a users' unique session ID for the purpose of managing user session on the website. This cookie is native to PHP applications. It works only in coordination with the primary cookie. Records the default button state of the corresponding category & the status of CCPA. Set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin, this cookie is used to store the user consent for cookies in the category "Performance". Set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin, this cookie is used to store the user consent for cookies in the category "Others". Set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin, this cookie is used to record the user consent for the cookies in the "Necessary" category. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". ![]() ![]() Set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin, this cookie is used to record the user consent for the cookies in the "Analytics" category. Set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin, this cookie is used to record the user consent for the cookies in the "Advertisement" category. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. ![]() Murder, of course, isn’t right, though it offers comic possibilities that a more rational approach to Grace’s situation - say, therapy leading to divorce - would not. ![]() The morality of getting rid of John Paul is never really in question - the viewer would be happy to do it himself, if it came to that - only the practical matters of how to do it and how to get away with it. In any case, it’s dramatically counterproductive to humanize or psychologize him, though Bang does at least try to bring some shading to a thoroughly despicable character he plays him as soft-spoken, letting his height and weight comprise an implicit threat against the the small, reed-thin Duff. (He is with Grace, one can only assume, because she offers him no resistance and he can depend on her to raise their daughter as he sees fit.) There is a hint of some trauma in his childhood, which is not really explored. Manipulative, selfish, controlling, territorial, vindictive, (performatively) prudish, snobbish, homophobic, sexist, mean, demeaning and aggressively passive-aggressive, he masks his cruelty to his wife as paternal concern. Each has an additional motive for wanting John Paul dead. (As the closest families often are.) Besides the fragile Grace (Anne-Marie Duff), whose husband, and above-mentioned corpse, John Paul ( Claes Bang), is grinding her down to nothing, there is Ursula (Eva Birthistle), a nurse and mother of four, somehow managing an adulterous affair with her photography teacher angry Bibi (Sarah Greene), who lost an eye in an accident the details of which will become significant and bright-eyed Becka ( Eve Hewson), the baby, a massage therapist, who has a history of ill-advised relationships, but considerable life force. Horgan plays Eva Garvey, who took charge of her siblings after the untimely death of their parents she and her sisters are colorfully distinct, and yet they seem truly related, unusually close if sometimes at odds. You may occasionally receive promotional content from the Los Angeles Times. This means investing your personal time to refine your mask. Masking requires planning, judgment and finessing. ReMask, within its limitations, works well, provided you manage its learning curve and are prepared for a few false starts along the way. Perhaps I could go back and keep the grassy shadow make it a bit transparent? The answer is that has to be done in another program like Photoshop or something with layers. One issue was how do I replace the missing shadow in ReMask? Shadows often make the difference between a credible and poor composite. ![]() I liked being able to blur and desaturate the background. Sort of.Īfter futzing with the background Jingo makes his rock star entrance. Yikes!Īfter about another two hours using the colour brush, I got there. I chose an orange instead of transparent background for a better viewĬlose up at 200% I could see grass and hair were embedded as part of the mask. Now we go to dual view and opt for a "keep" view with transparent background. Now we use the red fill to discard all the non-Jingo elements Initial load shows Jingo with everything to be kept via the Green TriMap. It took me about four hours to get there. Could I convert this image and make him appear like a rock star? I began with a good image of my dog in the park. This walkthrough demonstrates the strengths and weaknesses using ReMask, where I transform JIngo from a shaggy dog to a rock star. ![]() ![]()
![]() ![]() Crush) // U&I // Womanīobby (iKON) – HOLUP! // I Love You // Runawayīolbbalgan4 (BOL4) – Bom // Hug // Travel // Workaholicīoyfriend – Call Me // Don’t Touch My Girl // Glider // I Miss You // Jackpot // Star // Stay The Way You Are // Summer // Sunshower // To My Best Friend // Try My WingsīOYS24 – E (Unit Yellow Version) // Rising Star // Steal Your Heart (Unit Black) // Time Leap Nucksal) // Jazzclub // Mannish Chocolat // Nega Dola // One Shot, Two Shot // Spring Rain // Starry Night (ft. Chungha)īaekhyun (EXO) – Candy // Take You Home // UN Villageīeast – Beautiful Night // Butterfly // Dance With U // Freaking Cute // Guess Who? // Ribbon // Whole Lotta Lovin’īerry Good – Angel // Bibbidi Bobbidi Boo // Don’t Believe // Green Apple // Oh! Oh!īerry Good Heart Heart – Crazy, Gone CrazyīIGBANG – Bae Bae // Bang Bang Bang // Fxxk It // Last Dance // Let Me Hear Your Voice // Monster // We Like 2 PartyīLACK6IX – Like A Flower // Please // Swamp Of DespairīLACKPINK – As If It’s Your Last // Boombayah // Ddu-Du Ddu-Du // Don’t Know What To Do // How You Like That // Kill This Love // Playing With Fire // Stay // Whistleīlock B – A Few Years Later // Don’t Leave // My Zone // Shall We Dance // Toy // Very Good // Yesterdayīlock B Bastarz – Help Me // Make It Rain // Selfish & Beautiful GirlīoA – Camo // Feedback (ft. Revolution) // Good Luck // Heart Attack // Like A Cat // Miniskirt // Wow War TonightĪpink – %% // Always // Brand New Days // Bye Bye // Cause You’re My Star // Drummer Boy // Dumhdurum // Everybody Ready? // Five // Go! Go! More! // I’m So Sick // Only One // The WaveĪpril – April Story // As It Is Now // Doll // LALALILALA // Mayday // Oh! My Mistake // Snowman // Take My Hand // The Blue Bird // TinkerbellĪrashi – Fukkatsu Love // In The Summer // Kite // Natsu Hayate (Summer Wind) // Power Of The ParadiseĪstro – 1 In A Million // All Night // Always You // Baby // Blue Flame // Breathless // Call Out // Confession // Crazy Sexy Cool // Dream Night // Fireworks // Hanasake Mirai // Hide & Seek // Knock // Lonely // Somebody Like // You SmileĪTEEZ – Answer // Good Lil Boy // Horizon // Illusion // Inception // Promise // Say My Name // Treasure // Utopia // Wave // WIN // Wonderlandī1A4 – A Lie // Do You Remember // Drive // Follow Me // I Didn’t See It // Kimiiro (Your Color) // Lonely // Melancholy // Rollin’ // Sukidakara Shouganai // Until We Meet // You And I // You Make Me A Fool // You Need Meī.A.P – Feel So Good // Fly High // Hands Up // Honeymoon // Kingdom // Skydive // That’s My Jam // Wake Me Upī.I.G – 1.2.3 // Aphrodite // Hello Hello // Illusionīabylon – Crush On You (ft. Gen Neo)Īmber & Luna – Heartbeat // Lower // Wave (with R3hab, Xavi & Gi)ĪOA – 10 Seconds // Bing Bing // Bingle Bangle // Come See Me // Excuse Me // Give Me The Love (ft. Yoonmirae) // If You // Reminiscing // Room Shaker // Want ItĪkdong Musician (AKMU) – Dinosaur // How Can I Love The Heartbreak, You’re The One I Love // How People Move // Last Goodbye // Re-ByeĪmber – Borders // Need To Feel Needed // On My Own (ft. Bass // Savage // Stand By You // Take Me Higher // Under CoverĪB6IX – Blind For Love // Break Up (Lim Youngmin solo) // Breathe // Color Eye (Park Woojin solo) // Hollywood // Moondance (Jeon Woong solo) // More (Kim Dong Hyun solo) // Rose, Scent, Kiss (Lee Daehwi solo) // The Answer // VividĪilee – Home (ft. ![]() If you’re only interested in the b-sides and album tracks, click here for my “Buried Treasures” index.Ī / B / C / D / E / F / G / H / I / J / K / L / M / N / O / P / Q / R / S / T / U / V / W / X / Y / Z / # AĪ.C.E – Cactus // Callin’ // Mr. Scroll down to find every K-Pop review I’ve written on this site (along with a few J-Pop and C-Pop entries). ![]() Evasi0n is available for OS X, Windows, and Linux on the evasi0n website. The evasi0n jailbreak is the first untethered jailbreak for the iPhone 5 and for devices running iOS 6.x. Disclaimer: This jailbreak tutorial is for educational. It was initially released on 22 December 2013, and became subject to controversy and criticism. 4 (7.1 beta1, 7.1 beta2 also supported) untethered on your iOS device using the latest Evasi0n7 tool. It performs an untethered jailbreak for all devices on iOS 7.0 through 7.1 beta 3, except the Apple TV. evasi0n7 is a jailbreak program from the evad3rs. evasi0n7 is compatible with all devices running iOS7. Lastly, we saw Evasi0n Jailbreak version 1.0.8 rolling out. Since the release of iOS 7 jailbreak, the team Evad3rs has updated the Evasi0n Jailbreak tool about 6 times. The final build of Evasi0n Jailbreak for iOS 7 is here. The application is remarkably easy-to-use and provides iDevice users with a quick way to free their devices from the tethers of Apple Corporation. Download iOS 7-7.0.6 Evasi0n Jailbreak for iPhone, iPad and iPod Touch on Windows/Mac. (For reference, that's one more than Stuxnet, the malware built by the NSA to destroy centrifuges in Iran's nuclear enrichment facilities.) For the untethered jailbreak for iOS 6.0 through 6.1.2, see evasi0n. evasi0n7 (or just evasion7) is a program which can jailbreak your Apple devices, namely those running newer versions of iOS such as iOS 7.x. Hacking Apple devices is a detailed process, which is why jailbreaks are few and far between.Īccording to David Wang, one of the evad3rs' four developers, the program takes advantage of at least five distinct, new bugs in iOS's code. To put it in perspective, that's approximately 1,200 Cydia downloads per minute.Įvasi0n is the first significant jailbreak since the widely used Redsn0w iOS 5.1.1 untethered jailbreak. The demand for the jailbreak resulted in site wide traffic problems, causing Freeman's server to go offline several times. After it finishes launch Cydia and upgrade any packages including an evasi0n upgrade that allows an untethered boot – then reboot the device when prompted.In a discussion with Forbes, Cydia appstore administrator Jay Freeman revealed that the evasi0n jailbreak had been installed 800,000 times within six hours of its Monday release.īy Tuesday, Cydia had been installed 1.7 million times, and according to a chart tweeted by Freeman, Cydia was receiving 14,000 hits per minute at peak download times. Now messages will appear on the iPhone that relate to Cydia and setting up Cydia – let this run and clean up and reboot.Ĭydia version 1.1.9 will now appear as an app on the iPhone springboard, launch it and let it prepare the file system – this can take a while. This will complete the jailbreak process. Otherwise – click on the jailbreak button:ĭuring the process you will be prompted by evasi0n to interact with the iPhone If your iOS level is too low – you will be told. Once, Evasi0n starts it will perform its task and will jailbreak the phone, just be patient as the task is caring on.It will take few minutes to Jailbreak iOS 7 or later. Click on Jailbreak button to start the process. If you are a OSX user on 10.9control click/right click open to get around the Gatekeeper security issue. Steps to Jailbreak iOS 7: Connect your iOS device to your computer and start Evasi0n 7. The process completes in iTunes, now just finish the iPhone set-up on the actual device as below: Then you will be prompted to restore the last data back up. If you tried the upgrade button and the process fails – you will be offered a restore – which will restore the iphone to factory settings but at the latest iOS – this will more than likely happen on a previously jailbroken iPhone. – In iTunes select the device and then do a ‘Back Up Now’Ĭonnect your iOS device to iTunes, choose the device under the devices and upgrade to the latest version via a restore. In June, out of no where, a team of Chinese developers released Pangu iOS 7.1.1 untethered jailbreak which worked on all devices. ![]() There was still no word on public ETA from any of them. This update is required for Cydia, tweaks and apps to work properly with iOS 7. Once downloaded and installed from the Cydia/Telesphoreo repository, changes included in evasi0n7 1.0.1 are implemented on the jailbroken device. This will only work on devices already on iOS 7.0, 7.0.1, 7.0.2, 7.0.3, 7.0.4, 7.0.5, 7.0.6 In May, i0n1c, Winocm and Yeongjin all managed to jailbreak iOS 7.1.1 independently. The evasi0n 7.x Untether package can be found in the Cydia app store under System or by using the Search function. If you need your baseband preserved because you are on locked iphones and need the baseband to unlock with ultrasn0w then stay away from this and wait until the next version of redsn0w is released.įor this jailbreak you will need to upgrade your jailbroken iPhone to iOS7.0.6 via iTunes the regular way and then re-jailbreak your iOS device using evasi0n7 evasi0n7 is a jailbreak program from the evad3rs. This process upgrades your iOS jailbroken device to iOS 7.0.6 ![]() as a “melting pot” wherein many different cultural groups are blended together into a whole enriched by all of them has more recently been challenged by some who suggest that a “salad bowl” metaphor may be more apt. The original English leaves the two indistinguishable.ĭoes (and should) the map represent many people, or a people? This question is crucial to conversations about the United States and its diversity: the historical idea of the U.S. Interestingly, the French translations reads “Le Pays et ses Habitants”, implying “people” in the plural sense of “many persons” however, the Dutch translation reads “Het Land en het Volk”, where “Volk” means a people in the sense of a singular group. The map is entitled “The United States: the Land and the People,” and translated into French and Dutch (the major languages of Belgium). Mary Ronin: The United States: the Land and the PeopleĪ map of diversity of national origins within the United States created by Mary Ronin as a souvenir for the 1958 World’s Fair in Brussels is full of intriguing details. In New Mexico hint to posturing about American nuclear firepower. However, this also has a sinister undertone, as mentions of “Atomic Research” had to prove to the world that the West was the side to choose, and so an image of America that was economically strong and welcoming to people of all backgrounds became a necessary propaganda element. Many of these, like the 1958 Mary Ronin map, are intended for a global audience, and were commissioned for World’s Fairs or State Department campaigns. These maps also display the power of American industry, picturing agriculture, mining, and manufacturing locations across the country. Of course, some groups are excluded, and even many groups who are included are not favorably depicted. These maps prominently emphasize the many populations of immigrants who make up the American population to push an image of a welcoming, cosmopolitan United States. In the postwar world, the United States had taken its place as global superpower, and likely sought to parade its greatness to the nations of the globe. Rather than being intended as a tool for navigation, they are works of art, though they also have information contained in them. While the history of pictorial maps stretches back all the way to the beginnings of cartography itself, the “golden age” of pictorial maps in the United States took place from the 1920s to the 1960s. To ask who is American, or what Americans are, requires geographical, historical, demographic, and cultural discourse on the United States, which these three pictorial maps may provide insight on. Moreover, the idea that anyone save the indigenous peoples of the area have a right to its territory or identity may in itself be flawed. ![]() What is it to be “American”? This question, itself, is loaded: residents of the United States have co-opted a term that logically should refer to all inhabitants of the “Americas”. ![]() On your phone, go to "Settings" » "Apps" or "Manage Apps" tab.There is a high chance if you fix your mobile data or your WiFi connection, you may not have issues with Icedrive. This issue is usually because of the network you are using to access the Icedrive app. How to Fix Icedrive Unable To Contact Server & Icedrive Internet Connection Errors on Android: At the bottom of the screen, Select "Clear Data" option.Locate the Icedrive app from your list of apps.From the device's home screen, tap the Menu button on your device.This includes settings like parental controls, account login, etc. ![]() Search for the Icedrive app and open it's detail page.Ĭlearing the Icedrive app's data restores the app to its default settings and clears all stored app data.Confirm Icedrive is Updated to the Latest PlayStore Version.If Icedrive doesn't respond, you can force it to close and try again. Is Icedrive app freezing, not opening, or displaying an error message? Follow these steps to Resolve intermittent Icedrive app performance issues: How to Fix Icedrive app not working on Android, Crashes, Has Errors or Is Unresponsive on Android: Icedrive server network connectivity issues.Icedrive has errors/crashing/not working.What problems are you experiencing with Icedrive on Android? How to Fix Icedrive Black screen / White screen (blank screen) on iPhone:įollow the Icedrive iOS app crash troubleshooting guide Here → Click on your VPN provider and then click "Delete VPN". If the VPN keeps turning itself back on after you turned it off, go to Settings » "General" » "VPN".Turn it in the Settings app under "General" » "VPN". If you use a VPN, it might be the issue.Turn off your VPN in your Settings Menu:.Your WiFi networks and server settings will be deleted. This action will reset your network configurations and restore the default settings.Then tap the option to confirm Reset Network Settings.On your iphone, Goto "Settings" » "General" » "Reset" » "Reset Network Settings".How to Fix Icedrive iPhone app Unable To Connect to Server or Internet Connection Issues::įollow these steps to resolve network connectivity issues on Icedrive app for iPhone: Steps: Tap Settings » General » Software Update.Ĭontact Icedrive Customer Support or visit the Icedrive Contact page to report the issue and get assistance. Installing the latest iOS version will likely solve the problem if it's caused by system issues in the older iOS version. Update your iPhone to the latest iOS version available:.After deleting, go back to the App Store to download and reinstall Icedrive on your iPhone. ![]() Uninstalling Icedrive from your iPhone will clear cache and data from the application, delete any temporary files and data that might have been corrupted and caused the Icedrive app to crash or not work.
![]() Much like the way we have a symbol for and, we also once had a similar situation with that (or, in Old English, þæ t), which was a letter thorn with a stroke at the top. Originally an Irish letter, it was used for sounds like "zhyah," "jhah," and "gah." But with the arrival of the more familiar shape of the Carolingian G, that took over the "g" sound.Īs Old English transformed into Middle English, insular g turned into yogh and, as mentioned earlier, was slowly replaced in large part with the now-standard GH by scribes, at which point insular g/yogh were no longer needed and the Carolingian G stood alone (though a descendant can still be seen in modern Ireland). This letter (referred to as insular G or Irish G) is sort of the grandfather of the Middle English version of yogh. Júlio Reis, Wikimedia Commons // Public Domain So you’d have “w, x, y, z, and, per se, and.” Over time, the last bit morphed into ampersand, and it stuck even after we quit teaching it as part of the alphabet. However, when teaching children the alphabet, the & was often placed at the end, after Z, and recited as “and per se and,” meaning “ and in and of itself” or “ and standing on its own” (& wasn’t entirely unique for this-people also used to say "A per se A," "I per se I," and "O per se O," especially when spelling out words to signify that those letters were functioning as words in their own right). Originally, the character was simply called and or sometimes et (from the Latin word for and, which the ampersand is usually stylistically meant to resemble). In fact, it’s because of its placement in the alphabet that it gets its name. Today we just use it for stylistic purposes, but the ampersand has had a long and storied history in English, and was actually frequently included as a 27th letter of the alphabet as recently as the 19th century. Eventually both thorn and eth were replaced by TH, though thorn managed to stick around a little longer. According to British linguist David Crystal, a general lack of Old English manuscripts makes it difficult to determine why a thorn or an eth might be used in a particular manuscript, but it could be because there was a difference in the scribe’s accent, the variations were fun, the scribe thought one looked better or was easier to write, or maybe they just didn’t notice. Originating from Irish, today it represents a slightly different pronunciation of the “th” sound than is usually associated with thorn, with eth being the “th” sound in the words this or there and thorn being the “th” sound in the word thorn.īut all evidence suggests that this pronunciation difference didn’t exist in Old English-they were often used interchangeably, even within the same manuscript. 1234qwer1234qwer4, Wikimedia Commons // CC BY-SA 4.0Įth is kind of like the little brother to thorn. The upper and lowercase versions of the letter eth. Over the centuries, this meant that people began mispronouncing names-even today the first name of the UK politician Menzies Campbell is pronounced “MING-iss” rather than “Men-zees," though some Menzies do pronounce it with a Z. The yogh held on in Scotland, where its shape began to resemble a cursive Z-so when printing presses arrived, Scottish printers just replaced the missing yoghs with readily available Zs. It wasn’t a smooth process- according to linguistics professor Kate Burridge, “in the 1600s the word daughter was pronounced three ways: ‘dauter’, ‘dauchter’ and ‘daufter.’” Then, these new GH letters, through various linguistic processes, split into some of the wide range of sounds associated with "gh" today (though not all-the GH you see in ghost is thought to be from Dutch printers, for instance). ![]() ![]() According to English scholar Dennis Freeborn’s From Old English to Standard English, in just the Middle English poem Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, it could stand for the “y” sound in yet, the “ch” sound in German Bach or Scottish loch, and many more.īut as the years went on, scholars started replacing all the instances of yogh with Y, G, or GH in their texts. Yogh represented quite a few sounds in Middle English. The upper and lowercase versions of the letter Yogh. |